黑暗之魂2怎么跳跃:用英文介绍达芬奇

（LEONARDO DA VINCI）(1452-1519)

He is universally recognized arts master and great scientist.

15 April 1452 According to sunrise in Italy and Central Florence near Fenqi City (Vinci), and spent his childhood there. 1469, he came to Florence and apprenticeship in Verrocchio's studio. 1472, entered in the painter Association.

In the arts, he is a special emphasis on painting and sculpture experts but, he said : "Drawing is natural daughter. "

Ghana is the most familiar he is the world of high art paintings, the most famous works are : "Mona Lisa," the "last supper", "Rock - Virgin Mary with the Virgin Mary," "Santa Ana son."

In science, he observed celestial bodies, has written : "The sun is not changed. "Almost simultaneously with Copernicus discovered" Solar Center "; He studied the scientific principles of flight, designing and manufacturing the first vehicle; He had more than 30 autopsy bodies into body structures and the first discovered the baby in its mother's growth process. He once said : "You may be the natural result of the smell kept aloof. . . . . . You may also lack patience and hard enough, I had not been in such poor avarice or impeded only hinder my time enough. "

The illegitimate son of a 25-year-old notary, Ser Piero, and a peasant girl, Caterina, Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy, just outside Florence. His father took custody of the little fellow shortly after his birth, while his mother married someone else and moved to a neighboring town. They kept on having kids, although not with each other, and they eventually supplied him with a total of 17 half sisters and brothers..

Growing up in his father's Vinci home, Leonardo had access to scholarly texts owned by family and friends. He was also exposed to Vinci's longstanding painting tradition, and when he was about 15 his father apprenticed him to the renowned workshop of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence. Even as an apprentice, Leonardo demonstrated his colossal talent. Indeed, his genius seems to have seeped into a number of pieces produced by the Verrocchio's workshop from the period 1470 to 1475. For example, one of Leonardo's first big breaks was to paint an angel in Verrochio's "Baptism of Christ," and Leonardo was so much better than his master's that Verrochio allegedly resolved never to paint again. Leonardo stayed in the Verrocchio workshop until 1477 when he set up a shingle for himself.

In search of new challenges and the big bucks, he entered the service of the Duke of Milan in 1482, abandoning his first commission in Florence, "The Adoration of the Magi". He spent 17 years in Milan, leaving only after Duke Ludovico Sforza's fall from power in 1499. It was during these years that Leonardo hit his stride, reaching new heights of scientific and artistic achievement.

The Duke kept Leonardo busy painting and sculpting and designing elaborate court festivals, but he also put Leonardo to work designing weapons, buildings and machinery. From 1485 to 1490, Leonardo produced a studies on loads of subjects, including nature, flying machines, geometry, mechanics, municipal construction, canals and architecture (designing everything from churches to fortresses). His studies from this period contain designs for advanced weapons, including a tank and other war vehicles, various combat devices, and submarines. Also during this period, Leonardo produced his first anatomical studies. His Milan workshop was a veritable hive of activity, buzzing with apprentices and students.

Alas, Leonardo's interests were so broad, and he was so often compelled by new subjects, that he usually failed to finish what he started. This lack of "stick-to-it-ness" resulted in his completing only about six works in these 17 years, including "The Last Supper" and "The Virgin on the Rocks," and he left dozens of paintings and projects unfinished or unrealized (see "Big Horse" in sidebar). He spent most of his time studying science, either by going out into nature and observing things or by locking himself away in his workshop cutting up bodies or pondering universal truths.

Between 1490 and 1495 he developed his habit of recording his studies in meticulously illustrated notebooks. His work covered four main themes: painting, architecture, the elements of mechanics, and human anatomy. These studies and sketches were collected into various codices and manuscripts, which are now hungrily collected by museums and individuals (Bill Gates recently plunked down $30 million for the Codex Leicester!).

Back to Milan... after the invasion by the French and Ludovico Sforza's fall from power in 1499, Leonardo was left to search for a new patron. Over the next 16 years, Leonardo worked and traveled throughout Italy for a number of employers, including the dastardly Cesare Borgia. He traveled for a year with Borgia's army as a military engineer and even met Niccolo Machiavelli, author of "The Prince." Leonardo also designed a bridge to span the "golden horn" in Constantinople during this period and received a commission, with the help of Machiavelli, to paint the "Battle of Anghiari."

About 1503, Leonardo reportedly began work on the "Mona Lisa." On July 9, 1504, he received notice of the death of his father, Ser Piero. Through the contrivances of his meddling half brothers and sisters, Leonardo was deprived of any inheritance. The death of a beloved uncle also resulted in a scuffle over inheritance, but this time Leonardo beat out his scheming siblings and wound up with use of the uncle's land and money.

From 1513 to 1516, he worked in Rome, maintaining a workshop and undertaking a variety of projects for the Pope. He continued his studies of human anatomy and physiology, but the Pope forbade him from dissecting cadavers, which truly cramped his style.

Following the death of his patron Giuliano de' Medici in March of 1516, he was offered the title of Premier Painter and Engineer and Architect of the King by Francis I in France. His last and perhaps most generous patron, Francis I provided Leonardo with a cushy job, including a stipend and manor house near the royal chateau at Amboise.

Although suffering from a paralysis of the right hand, Leonardo was still able to draw and teach. He produced studies for the Virgin Mary from "The Virgin and Child with St. Anne", studies of cats, horses, dragons, St. George, anatomical studies, studies on the nature of water, drawings of the Deluge, and of various machines.

Leonardo died on May 2, 1519 in Cloux, France. Legend has it that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardo's head in his arms.
http://www.mos.org/leonardo/bio.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci

主要作品
http://www.leonardo.net/gallery.html#start
http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/vinci/

楼主:你好,我的关于达芬奇的英语是

LEONARDO DA VINCI

Over five hundred years ago，
a man designed a flying machine.
He also invented a helicopter.
This clever man was an Italian.
who was called Leonardo da Vinci.

In 1480,Leonardo wrote to the rule of Milan asking for work.
He said he was a good painter and sculptor.
who designed bridge and made weapons,
even invented machine guns.
Eventually he got a job in Milan as a musician.

He was good at everything he tried,We remember him today,
however,as an artist.He was one of the greatest artist the world has ever produced.You may have heard of a picture called"Mona Lisa".He painted that.While he was in Milan,he painted a special picture.He drew it on the wall of a monastery dining room.Many people say this picture is the greatest one ever painted. It is called "The Last Supper",Leonardo worked hard painting this picture,Often he worked all day and never stopped to eat or drink.

He walked about the city of Milan with anotebookin his hand,He drew pictures of people in the street who interested him.He also watched the way birds and insects fly,He wanted to know how everything worked.He even made plans for rebuilding Milan.Like modern architects,he wanted towns to be light and airy,He planted the main roads on two levels,One road was for pedestrians ,the other for traffic.

We have very little of his work today,He finished only a few of his paintings,He left many unfinished because he thought they were not perfect.No one in his lift time knew how great Leonardo was.We now believe,however,that he was one of the cleverest men the world has ever known.

There are Leon's a lot of paying it. It reaches. Is a painter in 1st place, and one of the people of the representative who is outstanding most at the time of Renaissance of the entire Europe in the time of Renaissance of Italy. A scientific great master and the theorist of art and literature, and big those who are the philosophies, the poet, the musician, the engineer, and inventors learning deep, deep, wide, and the landlord of thought in 1st place of the art of the versatility versatility he, and. Almost all the areas did all huge contributions to him. Talking, he is "Most perfect representative in age of Renaissance", and scholar at posterity is "Scholar of one current", and "Especially excellent talent that there are no ratios in world" in 1st placeMore praises not ashamed of all the names of reach him all
There are Leon's a lot of paying it. It reaches. Is a painter in 1st place, and one of the people of the representative who is outstanding most at the time of Renaissance of the entire Europe in the time of Renaissance of Italy. A scientific great master and the theorist of art and literature, and big those who are the philosophies, the poet, the musician, the engineer, and inventors learning deep, deep, wide, and the landlord of thought in 1st place of the art of the versatility versatility he, and. Almost all the areas did all huge contributions to him. Talking, he is "Most perfect representative in age of Renaissance", and scholar at posterity is "Scholar of one current", and "Especially excellent talent that there are no ratios in world" in 1st placeMore praises not ashamed of all the names of reach him allThere are Leon of a talented boy paying it a lot. It reaches. (Leonardo da vinci,1452-1519) suppresses the village that it is born in in Italy and the nearby applied radical sub-approves, and Florence of is close. It reaches. The child was gained, and the marriage of right or wrong of was spent in the manor in grandfather's country in his boyhood. ..reaching.. . in childhoodThe intelligence of is learnt easily in bright, and diligence, and the interest is wide. Lyrics make melody and the entire person still marvel his mastering very good the singing, and playing the lute very already, and singing by his improvisation. He especially likes painting, town always (..drinking.. Hit) Taee is drawn, and there is a beauty name of "Infant genius of the painting". It reaches. The home of hopes father's Cawahocori reaches by a famous distinguished family of Florence of that time. Can come later by becoming a lawyer like me, changes the idea by generation Cawahocori by one thing, and decides the picture of learning that (Mr.) is unusual to be transferred.
The one farmer's consignment is received, one rupiah face is lacked, and Cawahocori is lacked at that time. It wants to try son's ..son.. art thus a little thus can.. (It is) ..food.. a little, and having handed it is unusual in (Mr.) this duty according to his hearing. One person was lacked by unusual (Mr.), relying on the imagination that I had enriched, and spending the time of one month and the surprised apparition was lacked. It spouts ..the flame and the poisonous gas.., and fear of ten appearance points (amount) in the kind of eyes and mouth and nostrils of the ball that opened put this apparition's long fire (ignition). (Mr.) is unusual and father comes to his room after completing the work. He interrupts, puts up the easel half, and just gets off the window in the provinces of apparition's body in the ray. It calls very much in surprise because the monster who looks brutal at one view is seen when Cawahocori just enters the room. Mr...unusual..laugh..father..say..take..deflect..give birth..effect.The son is convinced of there is a nature of the painting from it, and (Mr.) is sent to Florence unusually, and Cawahocori starts and ..".. ..radical interior of committee of master's famous artist (meeting).. studies the forming art systematically. ..reaching.. . at this timeThere are only 14 years old. There is always a humanism person in Italy at a famous art center in Florence of that time, and runs (Pass), gathers here, and discusses the problem of science with the picture mooring of committee's (meeting) Kioc. It reaches. A good influence of a lot of famous humanism people, artist, the scientist, and the humanism that became strong here of is started being accepted. It reaches. Is already in attainments of a very high art at 20 years old it, and it is true, that the graver is carved with the paintbrush and the reality and nature live and it is good, and it says to express rice, and zeal admires for wonderful in the happiness in life and nature him. It reaches. He seizes each area of human race's thought with no filling of of these talents of him. Excelling very much, and doing the thing have the soul of the art in his eyes in the able person. He : before it loses his way in the mountain, it walks to one jet-black cave, and it attaches when is. This..career..recall..say..suddenly..kind of..emotion..give birth..fear..desire..jet-black..cave..fear..feel..the..inside..see..what kind of..strange..one..do..provide..food.It is ..".. ..this mystery intellect ..feeling that life searches whether understand and fears the mystery without power not to examine whether he was all restrained to these two kinds of emotions through life.... spectacular to think passing, for the research to pass, to explain the meaning to the exposure, and to describe it. He is one teacher who has already determined, and is one researcher, especially one artist.

Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. His Last Supper (1495–98) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503–06) are among the most widely popular and influential paintings of the Renaissance. His notebooks reveal a spirit of scientific inquiry and a mechanical inventiveness that were centuries ahead of their time.

The unique fame that Leonardo enjoyed in his lifetime and that, filtered by historical criticism, has remained undimmed to the present day rests largely on his unlimited desire for knowledge, which guided all his thinking and behaviour. An artist by disposition and endowment, he considered his eyes to be his main avenue to knowledge; to Leonardo, sight was man's highest sense because it alone conveyed the facts of experience immediately, correctly, and with certainty. Hence, every phenomenon perceived became an object of knowledge, and saper vedere (“knowing how to see”) became the great theme of his studies. He applied his creativity to every realm in which graphic representation is used: he was a painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer. But he went even beyond that. He used his superb intellect, unusual powers of observation, and mastery of the art of drawing to study nature itself, a line of inquiry that allowed his dual pursuits of art and science to flourish.

Leonardo's parents were unmarried at the time of his birth. His father, Ser Piero, was a Florentine notary and landlord, and his mother, Caterina, was a young peasant woman who shortly thereafter married an artisan. Leonardo grew up on his father's family's estate, where he was treated as a “legitimate” son and received the usual elementary education of that day: reading, writing, and arithmetic. Leonardo did not seriously study Latin, the key language of traditional learning, until much later, when he acquired a working knowledge of it on his own. He also did not apply himself to higher mathematics—advanced geometry and arithmetic—until he was 30 years old, when he began to study it with diligent tenacity.

Leonardo's artistic inclinations must have appeared early. When he was about 15, his father, who enjoyed a high reputation in the Florence community, apprenticed him to artist Andrea del Verrocchio. In Verrocchio's renowned workshop Leonardo received a multifaceted training that included painting and sculpture as well as the technical-mechanical arts. He also worked in the next-door workshop of artist Antonio Pollaiuolo. In 1472 Leonardo was accepted into the painters' guild of Florence, but he remained in his teacher's workshop for five more years, after which time he worked independently in Florence until 1481. There are a great many superb extant pen and pencil drawings from this period, including many technical sketches—for example, pumps, military weapons, mechanical apparatus—that offer evidence of Leonardo's interest in and knowledge of technical matters even at the outset of his career.

In 1482 Leonardo moved to Milan to work in the service of the city's duke—a surprising step when one realizes that the 30-year-old artist had just received his first substantial commissions from his native city of Florence: the unfinished panel painting The Adoration of the Magi for the monastery of San Donato a Scopeto and an altar painting for the St. Bernard Chapel in the Palazzo della Signoria, which was never begun. That he gave up both projects seems to indicate that he had deeper reasons for leaving Florence. It may have been that the rather sophisticated spirit of Neoplatonism prevailing in the Florence of the Medici went against the grain of Leonardo's experience-oriented mind and that the more strict, academic atmosphere of Milan attracted him. Moreover, he was no doubt enticed by Duke Ludovico Sforza's brilliant court and the meaningful projects awaiting him there.

Leonardo spent 17 years in Milan, until Ludovico's fall from power in 1499. He was listed in the register of the royal household as pictor et ingeniarius ducalis (“painter and engineer of the duke”). Leonardo's gracious but reserved personality and elegant bearing were well-received in court circles. Highly esteemed, he was constantly kept busy as a painter and sculptor and as a designer of court festivals. He was also frequently consulted as a technical adviser in the fields of architecture, fortifications, and military matters, and he served as a hydraulic and mechanical engineer. As he would throughout his life, Leonardo set boundless goals for himself; if one traces the outlines of his work for this period, or for his life as a whole, one is tempted to call it a grandiose “unfinished symphony.”

As a painter, Leonardo completed six works in the 17 years in Milan. (According to contemporary sources, Leonardo was commissioned to create three more pictures, but these works have since disappeared or were never done.) From about 1483–86, he worked on the altar painting The Virgin of the Rocks, a project that led to 10 years of litigation between the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception, who commissioned it, and Leonardo; for uncertain purposes, this legal dispute led Leonardo to create another version of the work in about 1508. During this first Milanese period he also made one of his most famous works, the monumental wall painting The Last Supper (1495–98) in the refectory of the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie (for more analysis of this work, see section The Last Supper, below). Also of note is the decorative ceiling painting (1498) he made for the Sala delle Asse in the Milan Castello Sforzesco.

During this period Leonardo worked on a grandiose sculptural project that seems to have been the real reason he was invited to Milan: a monumental equestrian statue in bronze to be erected in honour of Francesco Sforza, the founder of the Sforza dynasty. Leonardo devoted 12 years—with interruptions—to this task. In 1493 the clay model of the horse was put on public display on the occasion of the marriage of Emperor Maximilian to Bianca Maria Sforza, and preparations were made to cast the colossal figure, which was to be 16 feet (5 metres) high. But, because of the imminent danger of war, the metal, ready to be poured, was used to make cannons instead, causing the project to come to a halt. Ludovico's fall in 1499 sealed the fate of this abortive undertaking, which was perhaps the grandest concept of a monument in the 15th century. The ensuing war left the clay model a heap of ruins.

As a master artist Leonardo maintained an extensive workshop in Milan, employing apprentices and students. Among Leonardo's pupils at this time were Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, Ambrogio de Predis, Bernardino de' Conti, Francesco Napoletano, Andrea Solari, Marco d'Oggiono, and Salai. The role of most of these associates is unclear, leading to the question of Leonardo's so-called apocryphal works, on which the master collaborated with his assistants. Scholars have been unable to agree in their attributions of these works.