洛克王国伊丽莎白武藏:再线等好心人的翻译 能翻译多少是多少

In urban areas of developed countries, perhaps particularly in the United States, social factors seem to be major contributors to the urban malaise. Problems such as crime and juvenile delinquency, drug addiction and alcoholism/ the breakdown of the family and alienation of the urban dweller from a sense of community all appear to be important generating factors underlying the urban condition in Chicago, Baltimore or other cities in industrial nations. But in Calcutta, Bangkok and other cities in the developing world, these* problems of social pathology are less dominant in describing 'She urban situation. In societies where most people are poor, the urban peasant does not have the stigma of being labeled an outcast, as does his counterpart in the developed city. In making the difficult transition from what for most had been a rural origin, he/she seeks to create a friendly, supportive and informal social atmosphere in the urban bustee or kampong. (18) And, although the traditional extended family is gradually replaced by the nuclear family under the impact of urbanization, the family as an institution and the controls, which it exerts on individual behavior, appear to be a far more powerful influence in developing societies, and this perhaps accounts for the lower indices of social pathology more than any other factor.
However, it should be cautioned that these social problems are by no means completely absent and that they may be on the increase in many cities. Although reliable data are scarce (a major problem in itself), it has been reported, (or example, that there are 100,000 drug addicts in Hong Kong and that crime rates are on the increase in many cities. (19)
Perhaps the most critical set of social factors is the low level of education, health and related social services in most LDCs. This is explained in large part by the economic and political factors already noted, such as the lack of financial resources and the concentration of political power. Hence, the inadequacy and irrelevancy of social services should be viewed more as consequences than generating factors. Education is clearly the most crucially needed service, and studies have shown that the education of household heads is strongly correlated with higher income. (20) In most LUC cities, educational services are not only inadequate but they are often irrelevant to the practical needs of the society and economy. Emphasis is often placed on academic rather than vocational programmes, which would train people in vitally, needed skills, and this emphasis frequently retards genuine economic and social development because people lack the appropriate skills.