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English abbreviation:
Abbreviation(s) (any abbreviated forms) used for the official English government name, if applicable. "Abbreviation" is being used in the broad sense of the word to refer to any name where a portion of the full name has been dropped. They may include acronyms, short forms, etc. For example, "Business and Fiscal Planning" will appear as an abbreviation of "Business and Fiscal Planning Branch ", and "WIN" as an abbreviation of "Workforce Information Network". In some cases, when an English name has two or more abbreviations, the label [Official/Officielle] appears right beside the official English abbreviation. For example, "TATOA" and "GO Transit" are the abbreviations for "Toronto Area Operating Transit Authority", but only "GO Transit" is considered the official abbreviation and is labelled "GO Transit [Official/Officielle]".
A.D. Anno Domini. Used to date years by reckoning the date of Christ's birth, as opposed to B.C., the years "Before Christ." Literally, Anno Domini means "In the year of the Lord." Remember two important notes! Anno Domini does not mean "After Death." (If it did, there would be a thirty-three year gap between 1 BC and the crucifixion thirty-three years later.) Also note the politically correct tendency is to use the abbreviation CE (Common Era) and BCE (Before Common Era). These abbreviations are an attempt to avoid the religious connotations of the Latin abbreviation. In spite of the name change, BCE and CE still divide history according to the life of Christ, but CE and BCE may be less offensive (or at least less ethnocentric) to a non-Christian audience.

c. circa. Used by historians to show that a date is approximate. Literally, the word means "around," and it is sometimes abbreviated "ca." Usage: Shortly after Henry IV seized the throne from Richard II, Geoffrey Chaucer died (c.1400 A.D.), perhaps due to old age.

etc. et cetera. "And so on." This is the one Latin abbreviation most students already know, and the one they tend to overuse. Do note that, since et already means and, it is redundant to write, "and etc." Literally, the Latin phrase means "and other things." Usage: The problems of the Balkan Republics are numerous, including insufficient electric power, poor highways, rampant unemployment, hostile neighbors, etc.

e.g. exempli gratia. "For example." Literally, "free as an example." Usage: "We have numerous problems to deal with before reforming welfare policies, e.g., the trade deficit, Medicare, and social security."

ib./ ibid. ibidem. "In the same passage or page quoted above." Literally, "In the same place." Usage: "One physicist compared the behavior of quarks to bowling pins (Jones 35). He also indicated that the 'Charm' quark was like a 'bowling ball' (ibid.) due to the way it. . . ."

i.e. id est. "That is more precisely." Literally, "it is." Commonly used to refine a general statement or provide additional information. Usage: "Jerry's girlfriend always managed to turn the conversation toward children, i.e., the possibility of having children together; i.e., the possibility of having legitimate children together; i.e., toward the subject of marriage."

sic. Indicates a misspelling or error in a quoted source, in order to verify to the reader that the researcher did not create a typographical error, but instead exactly reproduces the way the word or statement appeared in the original material. Literally, "yes" or "even thus" in Latin. Usage: There are, according to the writings of seven-year old Andrew, "Manee wayes of riting words" [sic].

Ph. D. Philosophiae Doctor. "Doctor (or Doctorate) of Philosophy." It can refer to the individual as a title, or to the degree itself. Note that it is redundant to write, "Dr. McGillicutty is a Ph. D." Usage: "Joe Bob McGillicutty, Ph. D., is on the committee." Or, "McGillicutty earned his Ph. D. in art history."

vs. versus. "Turned against." Often used in abbreviations for legal trials--though "v." is more common. Usage: "In the case of Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court eventually decided that abortion was a medical right." Don't confuse the term "vs." with "v.s." (see below). And don't confuse the word versus with verses.

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Less Common Foreign Abbreviations (But Still Worth Knowing)
a.v. ad valorem. "In proportion to the value of [something else]." Literally, "To the value." Usage: "The monetary worth of the dollar is figured a.v. the price of gold."

i.a. in absentia. "In absence." Usage: "With further evidence i.a., it is impossible to provide a definitive answer." Or more commonly, "The criminal who had fled the country was tried and found guilty of murder, i.a."

MS. manuscriptum. A document, particularly an ancient or historical manuscript, that was not printed, but rather drawn or written. Literally, "By hand." The term is capitalized when attached to a specific document's title, and the plural form is MSS. In British usage, only the final letter typically has a period. Usage: "MS. Vercilli was found in Northern Italy, and it appears to be written in an Anglo-Saxon dialect."

P.S. post scriptum. The abbreviation indicates a last-minute addition to a letter or document. Literally, "After what has been written." Usage: "That's all for now. Take care. Love, John. P.S. Don't forget to write me back!"

R.S.V.P. Repondez S'il Vous-Plait. "Please send a response confirming whether or not you will accept the invitation." The abbreviation is French rather than Latin. Literally, "Respond if it pleases you." Note that it is redundant to write, "Please RSVP," since the phrase itself implies "please." Usage: "You are cordially invited to a wine-and-cheese reception at the Bradson's House. RSVP by Thursday afternoon."

S.P.Q.R. Senatus Populusque Romani. The abbreviation was used in Roman times as a part of official government documentation. Today, the phrase is used to refer generally (and sometimes pompously or ironically) to the power, glory, and bureaucracy of a major nation. Literally, "The Senate and the People of Rome." Usage: "The S.P.Q.R. has spoken, and now American soldiers must obey the call to arms."

s.p.s. sine prole supersite. "Without surviving issue." The phrase is used in inheritance laws to indicate that an individual has no children or legal inheritors. Usage: "Since Mrs. Clayton died s.p.s., her six million dollar estate will revert to the City of Portland."

t.i.d. ter in die. "Three times a day." Used by older pharmacies and doctors to indicate that a medication should be taken three times a day. Usage: "Aspirin, t.i.d.; call if headaches continue."

viz. videlicit. "More appropriately or accurately; namely." The abbreviation is often used interchangeably with i.e. Literally, "As it befits or is pleasing to him." Usage: "He was a minor Duke in the House of Lords, viz. the Duke of Rochester."

vide. "Look" or "see." This phrase refers the reader back up to a previous statement or definition within the body of the paper. The must common uses are "vide 63" (which means "see page sixty-three"), v.s. vide supra ("see earlier" or "look above on this page") and v.i. vide infra ("See below" or "Look below"). Don't confuse v.s. (vide supra) with v. or vs. (versus). Usage: "For the definition of the Latin word videlicit, vide supra."

N.B.: Nota Bene. The Latin imperative means "Take notice of this very carefully," that is, pay special attention to this part because it is unusually important, tricky, or confusing. Usage: All assignments are due at the beginning of class. N. B.: I lock the door to the classroom once lecture begins.

This one has generated *lots* of folklore. The following list of
suggested origins and info comes from MEU2, from Eric Partridge's
Dictionary of Historical Slang (1972 edition, Penguin,
0-14-081046-X), and from Cecil Adams' More of the Straight Dope
(Ballantine, 1988, ISBN 0-345-34145-2). Thanks to Jeremy Smith for
his help. The abbreviations on cracker boxes, shipping crates,
cargoes of rum, et al., became synonymous with quality.

"Oll korrect, popularized by Old Kinderhook" is what's given in
most up-to-date dictionaries. The earliest known citation is from
the Boston Morning Post of 23 March 1839: " [...] he of the
Journal, and his train-band, would have the 'contributions box,' et
ceteras, o.k. -- all correct -- and cause the corks to fly." This
was a facetious suggestion by a Boston editor that a Providence
editor (the Journal mentioned was in Providence) sponsor a party.

American "O.K.", abbreviation of Obadiah Kelly, a shipping agent
American "O.K.", abbreviation of Old Keokuk, a Sac Indian chief
American "O.K.", contraction of "oll korrect". This was the choice
of a British judiciary committee that investigated the matter for
a 1935 court case (MEU2), and was further documented by Columbia
University professor Allen Walker Read in "The Evidence on
'O.K.', Saturday Review of Literature, 19 July 1941. A vogue
for comically misspelled abbreviations began in Boston in the
summer of 1838, and spread to New York and New Orleans in 1839.
They used "K.G." for "know go", "K.Y." for "know yuse", "N.S."
for "nuff said", and "O.K." for "oll korrect".
American "O.K.", abbreviation of Orrins-Kendall crackers
American "O.K.", abbreviation of Otto Kaiser, American industrialist
American "O.K. Club". "O.K." gained national currency in 1840 as
the slogan of the "O.K. club", a club of supporters of then
President Martin Van Buren, in allusion to his nickname, "Old
Kinderhook" -- Van Buren was born in the village of Kinderhook,
N.Y.
Choctaw (h)oke = "it is so"
English opposite of "K.O." ("knock out")
English "of Katmandu"
English "open key"
English "optical kleptomaniac"
English "our kind"
Ewe (West African)
Finnish oikea
French Aux Cayes, a place in Haiti noted for excellence of its rum
French aux quais, stencilled on Puerto Rican rum specially
selected for export
German ordnungsgemaess kontrolliert "properly checked"
German letters of rank appended to signature of Oberkommandant
Greek olla kalla = "all good"
Latin omnia correcta = "all correct"
Mandingo (West African) = o ke "that's it", "all right"
Occitan oc = "yes" (Occitan or Langue d'Oc is so called because it
uses oc where French uses oui.)
Scots och aye! "oh yes"
Tewa oh-ka(n) = "come here", "all right"
Wolof (West African) "waw kay" = "yes indeed". Supported by Prof.
J. Weisenfeld, professor of African and African-American religion
at Columbia University. It was shown by Dr Davis Dalby ("The
Etymology of O.K.", The Times, 14 January 1971) that similar
expressions were used very early in the 19th century by Negroes
of Jamaica, Surinam, and South Carolina: a Jamaican planter's
diary of 1816 records a Negro as saying "Oh ki, massa, doctor no
need be fright, we no want to hurt him." The use of "kay" alone
is recorded in the speech of black Americans as far back as 1776;
significantly, the emergence of O.K. among white Americans dates
from a period when refugees from southern slavery were arriving
in the north.

Queried about the Dalby citations, Merriam-Webster Editorial
Department told me: "A word pronounced approximately 'kai' is an
expression of surprise or amusement in Jamaican Creole and in Sea
Islands Creole (Gullah). If you take into account the pronunciation
and meaning, you'll see that it does not fit 'okay' either
semantically or phonetically. There is nothing in the history of
'O.K.' or 'okay' that suggests it has an African-American origin."