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Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan Genghis Khan portrait
Birth name: Temüjin Borjigin
Family name: Borjigin
Title: Khan of Mongol Empire
Birth: c. 1162
Place of birth: Hentiy, Mongolia
Death: August 18, 1227
Dates of reign: 1206 –August 18, 1227
Succeeded by: Ögedei Khan
Marriage: Börte Ujin, Kulan, Yisugen,
Yisui, many others
Children:

* Borjigin Jochi, son
* Borjigin Chagatai, son
* Borjigin Ögedei, son
* Borjigin Tolui, son
* Others

Genghis Khan (c. 1162[1]–August 18, 1227) (Cyrillic: Чингис Хаан, Чингис хан), (also spelled as Cengiz Han in Turkic ,Chinggis Khan, Jenghis Khan, Chinggis Qan, etc.), (pronunciation (help·info) ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ), born with the name Temüjin (Тэмүүжин), was a world-renowned 13th century Mongol military leader and a conqueror known largely for his success, founding the Mongol Nation and his aggressive military campaigns. He was the founder and Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire, from 1206 until his death in Autumn 1227.

Before he took his title, Temüjin united the Turkic-Mongol tribes and Central Asian confederations for more than 20 years, unified the disparate tribes of Mongolia, and laying the groundwork for the Mongol nation. Under the title "Genghis Khan", he waged two major successful campaigns against Western Xia in northern China and Khwarezmid Empire in Persia, and founded the Mongol dynasty (as well as those of the successor Khanates) that persisted for several centuries after his death through his extended family.

In modern Mongolia, Genghis Khan is regarded as the father of the nation for his role in uniting the Mongol confederations and therefore providing a common identity to what had previously been a territory of nomadic tribes sharing only a language and culture. Equally well regarded are his contributions in directing the effort to create a writing system for the Mongolian language, which had not previously had one, based on existing Uighur script.
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Birth and early life

Little is known about Temüjin's early life, and the few sources providing insight into this period do not agree on many basic facts. He was likely born around 1162[2] in the mountainous area of Burhan Haldun in Mongolia's Hentiy Province. He was the eldest son of Yesükhei, a minor tribal chief of the Kiyad and a vassal (a nöker) of Ong Khan of the Kerait tribe[3]. Yesükhei's clan was called Borjigin (Боржигин), and his mother, Hoelun, was of the Olkhunut tribe of the Mongol confederation.

Based on legends and later writers, Temüjin's early life was difficult. His father delivered him to his future wife's family when he was only nine. He was supposed to live there until he reached the marriageable age of 12. Shortly thereafter, his father was poisoned by the neighboring Tatars while returning home. This gave Temüjin a claim to be the clan's chief, though his clan refused to be led by a boy and soon abandoned him and his family. For the next few years, he and his family lived the life of impoverished nomads, surviving primarily on wild fruits, marmots and other small game. In one incident, Temüjin murdered his half-brother Bekhter over a dispute about sharing hunting spoils. Despite being severely reproached by his mother he never expressed any remorse over the killing. In another incident in 1182, he was captured in a raid by his former tribe, the Ta'yichiut, and held captive. The Ta'yichiut planned on executing Temüjin, but he escaped with help from a sympathetic captor. His mother, Hoelun, taught him many lessons in survival in the harsh political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances with others, a lesson which would shape his understanding in his later years. Jelme and Borchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined him around this time. Along with his brothers, they provided the manpower needed for early expansion and diplomacy for Temüjin.

Temüjin married Börte of the Konkirat tribe around the age of 16. She was later kidnapped in a raid by the Merkit tribe, and Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamuka, and his protector, Wang Khan of the Kerait tribe. Börte's first child, Jochi, was born roughly nine months after she was freed from the Merkit, leading to questions about the child's paternity - although Genghis fiercely contended that Jochi was his son. Temüjin became blood brother (anda) with Jamuka and thus the two made a vow to be faithful to each other for eternity.

Family

Main article: Family tree of Genghis Khan

Genghis was related through his father to Qabul Khan, Ambaghai and Qutula Khan who had headed the Mongol confederation under Jin Dynasty patronage until the Jin switched support to the Tatars in 1161 and destroyed Qutula Khan. Genghis' father, Yesugei, khan of the Borjigin, and nephew to Ambaghai and Qutula Khan, emerged as the head of the ruling clan of the Mongols, but this position was contested by the rival Tayichi’ud clan, who descended directly from Ambaghai. When the Tatars, in turn, grew too powerful after 1161, the Jin moved their support from the Tatars to the Kerait.

Temüjin had three brothers, Khasar (or Qasar), Khajiun, and Temüge, and one sister, Temülen (or Temulin), as well as two half-brothers, Bekhter and Belgutei. Genghis Khan's empress and first wife was Borte; she bore him four "legitimate" sons, Jochi (1185–1226), Chagatai (?—1241), Ögedei (?—1241), and Tolui (1190–1232). Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, and records on what daughters he may have had are scarce. The paternity of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi, remains unclear to this day, and was a serious point of contention in his lifetime, despite being a forbidden subject by order of the Khan himself. Soon after Borte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given to one of their men as a wife. Though she was rescued, she gave birth to Jochi nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage.

This uncertainty over Jochi's true father was voiced most strongly by Chagatai, who, according to The Secret History of the Mongols, declared before his father and brothers that he would never accept Jochi as Khagan (i.e., as Genghis Khan's successor). In response to this tension[4], it was Ögedei who was appointed as successor and who ruled as Khagan after Genghis Khan's death, even though Jochi had died in 1226, before his father[5]. Genghis Khan himself never doubted Jochi's lineage claiming he was his first son.

Genghis Khan