带电粒子流传播速度:谁知道英文奥斯卡介绍？

Oscar
附
奥斯卡奖的来历

说起奥斯卡奖, 就不能不先提到美国电影艺术与科学学会(Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences). 这个机构成立于1927年, 致力于推动电影制造业向更高水平、更高质量、更高技术方面发展, 而为了表彰在这些领域做出杰出贡献的优秀人才, 将向他(她)们授予代表着电影业至高荣誉的Academy Awards(学院奖).

为此, 就必须先得创造一个能象征电影成就的奖座. 当时, MGM(米高梅电影公司)的艺术总监塞德里克•吉邦斯(Cedric Gibbons)负责设计了这个现在在全世界都知名的小雕像--一个手持宝剑站立在电影卷轴上的骑士! 而来自洛杉矶的雕塑家乔治•斯坦利(George Stanley)有幸的成为了这个小雕像的制作者.

该学会的第一次颁奖会于1929年5月16日在好莱坞罗斯福（Roosevelt）酒店举行.

这个高13.5英寸（早斯为10.25英寸）, 重11磅（早期为6.75磅）的小雕像起初是由青铜做成的. 二战期间,由于资源匮乏, 改为用石膏制成. 而今天我们看到的小金人是由锡、铵合金磨光后，敷10K金箔，经过精磨，外面再敷24K金箔，最外层涂上发光漆而制成的.

本来电影艺术与科学学会将这个奖的正式名称叫做学院奖(Academy Awards), 但实际上世人对这个奖项的更多的认识却是对它的另一种称呼—奥斯卡奖(Oscars). 而对于为什么会把学院奖称之为奥斯卡奖, 至今也没有一个准确的说法.

一个比较流行的说法是: 学会的一个名叫玛格丽特•赫丽克(Margaret Herrick)的图书馆管理员兼执行董事的女士认为小雕像很像她那名为奥斯卡(Oscar)的叔叔, 所以, 她就以此来称呼它. 之后, 学会内的人员都开始以奥斯卡来作为小雕像的昵称.

在1934年的第六届颁奖大会后, 好莱坞的专栏作家西德尼• 斯科尔斯基(Sidney Skolsky)在他那篇关于凯瑟琳•赫本(Katharine Hepburn)获得最佳女主角奖的文章中, 第一次公开使用了奥斯卡(Oscar)这个称谓.

到了1939年, 学会也认可了奥斯卡(Oscar)这个名字, 并且开始正式的使用它. 从此, 奥斯卡这个名字就延续了下来, 自至今天.

因此, 我们现在通常所称的奥斯卡奖(Oscars)实际上就是美国电影艺术与科学学会颁发的象征着电影业最高荣誉的学院奖(Academy Awards)的另一种习惯叫法而己.

Ceremony History 奥斯卡简史

When the first Academy Awards were handed out on May 16, 1929, movies had just begun to talk. That first Awards ceremony took place during a banquet held in the Blossom Room of the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. The attendance was 250 and tickets cost $10.

The suspense which now touches most of the world at Oscar time was not always a characteristic of the Awards. At first the winners were known prior to the Awards banquets. Results were given in advance to the newspapers for publication at 11 p.m. on the night of the Awards. But in 1940, guests arriving for the affair could buy the 8:45 p.m. edition of the Los Angeles Times, which announced the winning achievements. As a result, the sealed-envelope system was adopted the next year and remains in use today.

Since the earliest years, interest in the Academy Awards has run high, if not at the modern fever-pitch. The first presentation was the only one to escape a media audience, but by the second year enthusiasm for the Awards was so high that a Los Angeles radio station actually did a live, one-hour broadcast. The Awards have had broadcast coverage since.

For 15 years the Academy Awards Presentations were banquet affairs held, after the first in the Blossom Room, at the Ambassador and Biltmore hotels. The custom of presenting the statuettes at a banquet was discontinued after 1942. Increased attendance and the war had made banquets impractical, and the presentation ceremonies have since been held in theaters.

The 16th Awards ceremony was held at Grauman's Chinese Theater and was covered by network radio for the first time and broadcast overseas to American GIs. The Awards stayed at Grauman's for three years, then moved to the Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium.

Two years later, in March 1949, the 21st Awards were held in the Academy's own Melrose Avenue theater. For the next 10 years the annual Awards were held at the RKO Pantages Theater in Hollywood. It was here, on March 19, 1953, that the Academy Awards Presentation was first televised. The NBC-TV and radio network carried the 25th Academy Awards ceremonies live from Hollywood with Bob Hope as master of ceremonies and from the NBC International Theater in New York with Fredric March making the presentations. In 1961, the Awards moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium and for the next 10 years the ABC-TV and radio network handled the broadcasting duties.

In 1966, the Oscars were first broadcast in color. From 1971 through 1975 the NBC-TV network carried the Awards. ABC has televised the show since 1976 and is under contract through 2008.

On April 14, 1969, the 41st Academy Awards ceremonies moved to the brand new Dorothy Chandler Pavilion of the Music Center of Los Angeles County. It was the first major event for this world-renowned cultural center.

The Awards remained at the Music Center until 1986, when the ceremonies returned to the Shrine Auditorium for the 60th and 61st Awards. Since then the Awards have moved back and forth between the Shrine and the Music Center. The larger Shrine Auditorium (6,000 seats) is used principally to afford Academy members an opportunity to attend the ceremony, an opportunity that is severely limited by the Music Center's size (about 2,500 seats).

In the first year, 15 statuettes were awarded, all of them to men except for Janet Gaynor. In the second year, the number of awards was reduced to seven - two for acting and one each for Best Picture, Directing, Writing, Cinematography and Art Direction.

Since then, the Awards have grown slowly, but steadily, not only in audience count, but in the fields of achievement covered.

The need for special awards beyond standard categories was recognized from the start. Two were awarded for the 1927/28 year: one went to Warner Bros. for producing the pioneer talking picture, THE JAZZ SINGER, and the other went to Charlie Chaplin for producing, directing, writing and starring in THE CIRCUS. In 1934, three new categories were added: Film Editing, Music Scoring and Best Song. That year also brought a write-in campaign to nominate Bette Davis for her performance in OF HUMAN BONDAGE. The Academy now has a rule forbidding write-ins on the final ballot. Price Waterhouse signed with the Academy that year and has been employed ever since to tabulate and ensure the secrecy of the results, although the company is now known as PricewaterhouseCoopers.

In 1936, the first Oscars were presented in the Supporting Actor and Actress categories. The honors went to Walter Brennan for COME AND GET IT and Gale Sondergaard for ANTHONY ADVERSE.

The first presentation of the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award was made in 1937, with the honor going to Darryl F. Zanuck.

The Academy Award for Special Effects was added in 1939 and was first won by 20th Century-Fox for THE RAINS CAME.

In 1941, the documentary film category appeared on the ballot for the first time. In 1947, long before the Awards ceremonies would become the global event that they are today, the Academy brought foreign countries into the field of Oscar recognition. That year the first Award to honor a foreign language motion picture was given to the Italian film, SHOE-SHINE. The following year the Academy placed Costume Design on the ballot. The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award was established in 1956 and presented that year to Y. Frank Freeman. In 1963, the special effects award was split into two: Sound Effects and Special Visual Effects, in recognition of the fact that the best sound effects and best visual effects did not necessarily come from the same film. The most recent additions, Makeup and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award for technological contributions, were established in 1981.

There have only been three circumstances that interrupted the scheduled presentation of the Academy Awards. The first was in 1938 when destructive floods all but washed out Los Angeles and delayed the ceremonies one week. The Awards ceremony was postponed two days in 1968 out of respect for Dr. Martin Luther King, who had been assassinated a few days earlier and whose funeral was held on April 8, the day set for the Awards. In 1981, the Awards were postponed for 24 hours due to the assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan.

Attendance at the Annual Academy Awards is by invitation only. No tickets are put on public sale.

http://59.67.68.70/englishonline/culture/oscar/oscar73/ 这个网上有中文有英文哦！

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简单点:
在1934年的第六届颁奖大会后, 好莱坞的专栏作家西德尼• 斯科尔斯基在他那篇关于凯瑟琳•赫本获得最佳女主角奖的文章中, 第一次公开使用了奥斯卡这个称谓.

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is a professional honorary organization composed of over 6,000 motion picture craftsmen and women.

The purposes of the Academy are to advance the arts and sciences of motion pictures; foster cooperation among creative leaders for cultural, educational and technological progress; recognize outstanding achievements; cooperate on technical research and improvement of methods and equipment; provide a common forum and meeting ground for various branches and crafts; represent the viewpoint of actual creators of the motion picture; and foster educational activities between the professional community and the public-at-large.

The Academy's field of activity does not include economic, labor or political matters.

The Academy was organized in May, 1927, as a non-profit corporation chartered under the laws of California. Its original 36 members included production executives and film luminaries of the time.

Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., was the first president. Others have been William deMille, M. C. Levee, Conrad Nagel, J. Theodore Reed, Frank Lloyd, Frank Capra, Walter Wanger, Bette Davis, Jean Hersholt, Charles Brackett, George Seaton, George Stevens, B. B. Kahane, Valentine Davies, Wendell Corey, Arthur Freed, Gregory Peck, Daniel Taradash, Walter Mirisch, Howard W. Koch, Fay Kanin, Gene Allen, Robert E. Wise, Richard Kahn, Karl Malden, Arthur Hiller, Robert Rehme and Frank Pierson.

From its founding until 1946, when it moved into a building at 9038 Melrose Avenue in Hollywood, the Academy occupied a number of rented offices. In December of 1975, the Academy dedicated its new seven-story headquarters at 8949 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills. For the first time in the organization's history, the Players Directory, the Margaret Herrick Library, the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, its administrative offices and other facilities were all located under one roof.

Within a decade, however, the rapid growth of the holdings of both the Herrick Library and the Film Archive had necessitated the search for a new, separate facility. In 1988, a 55-year lease was arranged with the City of Beverly Hills for the conversion of its historic Waterworks building in La Cienega Park into the new home of the Academy's film research facilities, designated as the Center for Motion Picture Study. Another decade later, the growth of the holdings of both the Herrick Library and Film Archive required a search for an additional facility. In 2002 the Academy purchased what had originally been the first Hollywood television studio on Vine Street, and converted it into a home for the Film Archive. In honor of two of the Academy's founders—Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford—the La Cienega facility, which still houses the Herrick Library, was renamed the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study, and the Vine Street building is now known as the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study.

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