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非洲大象

命令:Proboscidea
家庭:Elephantidae
学名:Loxodonta
品种:Africana

I. DESCRIPTION:
The adult male is much larger than the adult female. Head and body length including trunk: 19-24 feet. Shoulder height: 10-13 feet. Weight: 5.5 - 7 tons. Tail: 4 feet. Brownish gray skin has folds and may be one inch thick in places. The African Elephant has a marked dip between its fore and hindquarters giving a concave curvature to its back. Ears are large and fan-like. The trunk has two prehensile protrusions at the tip. Large tusks are present in both sexes. Elephants are digitigrade with pads of fibrous tissue to cushion toe bones.

II. GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE AND HABITAT:

Natural home range is 500 miles; migratory patterns are taught from one generation to the next. Now they are mostly restricted to parks and preserves. Habitat formerly was area south of the Sahara; agricultural expansion has severely reduced it. Highly adaptable, elephants can survive in forest, bush or savannah.

III. DIET:

Elephants have an inefficient digestive system and digest only about 40 per cent of what they eat. They eat enormously. Estimates in the wild range from 100-1000 pounds of vegetation per day (a 16 hour period). Zoo elephants are estimated to eat approximately 50 pounds of food per ton of elephant per day. Working elephants need 300 to 600 pounds of food per day. The wild elephant is a destructive eater, uprooting and scattering as much as is eaten, often breaking down whole trees. Elephants eat almost anything green, but green grass, shoots and buds of trees and shrubs are preferred. Farms are often raided for fruits and vegetables of all types. Average daily consumption of water for full-grown animals is between 30 and 50 gallons.

IV. LIFE CYCLE/SOCIAL STRUCTURE:

Elephants live in a complex matriarchal society normally composed of 8 to 15 related members and led by a dominant cow. Three or four generations of cows and calves spend their entire lives together with the exception of males, who leave the group at puberty. Groups of related families stay in fairly close range of each other and communicate often; these are called “kin groups”. In times of danger, kin groups will mass and form “clans” of 200 or more. Ongoing studies at Amboseli Research Center in Kenya indicate a complex bull dominance structure which determines mating success as well as every day life. Another primary mating factor is “musth”, a periodic hormonal cycle seen in both species. Physical manifestations in males include heavy secretions from temporal glands, high blood testosterone levels, urine dribbling (marking) and aggression. Cows seem to prefer a musth bull, but can successfully breed whether the bull is in musth or not. According to keepers our cows’ oestrus cycles are roughly 15-16 week ones and last 3 days. Gestation is approximately 22 months. The birth is usually a single one; twins are born only 1.35% of the time. Birth weight is 175 to 250 pounds. The mother is often assisted by another cow during birthing. The calf can stand shakily and nurse (with mouth, not trunk) a few hours after birth. Mammary glands are located between the front legs. Calves will nurse well into their third year and are very dependent on their mothers for eight to ten years. Adolescence occurs at 12 to 14 years of age. Most physical growth is reached at 20, but growth continues throughout life. Top mental ability is at age 30 to 45. Death comes at 65 to 70 years of age when the last set of teeth wear out.

V. SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS:

The majority of the skull is honeycombed with sinuses to minimize weight. Tusks are elongated second upper incisors and grow throughout the lifetime. They are used for food gathering and carrying, as well as weapons. Molars make up other dental equipment; six consecutive sets of two upper and two lower molars are produced throughout life. The first set has three enamel layers, increasing to ten layers in the sixth set. The trunk is an elongation of the nose and upper lip; in adults it contains 150,000 muscles. It is used for eating, drinking, dust and water bathing, as well as communication. The sense of smell is highly sophisticated; they are believed to locate underground water by smelling the earth above. Vision is poor. Long lashes and nictitating lids protect the eyes from dust. Hearing is acute. Recent studies establish the use of infrasound (tones lower than humans can hear) for long-range communication. Ears are also used to control body temperature; blood circulating through the large vessels in the ears is cooled by flapping.
VI. INTERPRETIVE INFORMATION:

Skin is extremely sensitive to sunburn and insect bites; they roll in dust and mud and throw dust on their backs to help protect their skin. Elephants have the largest brain size versus body weight other than man. New intelligence data: most mammals, excluding primates, are born with a brain weight of 90% of adult weight. A human brain at birth is 26% of adult weight, and the elephant’s is 35% of adult weight. These statistics are used to distinguish instinctive from learned behavior, and are examples of higher intelligence.
一、简介:
成年男性远较成年女性. 包括主干的头和身体长度:19至24英尺. 承担高度:10-13英尺. 体重:55-7吨. 尾巴:4英尺. 灰棕色皮肤,可折一寸厚的地方. 非洲大象之间具有明显的下海给予了前列石狮和其韵孤回去. 大耳朵,是扇面. prehensile鼻子有两个凸出的冰山. 目前在男女大象牙. 大象digitigrade场与纤维细胞的缓冲趾骨.

二. 生态和地理范围:

距离500英里的天然场所; 迁移模式是代代相传教. 现在他们大多限于公园和保存. 原栖息地是撒哈拉以南地区; 农业开发大大减少. 适应性强,能存活森林大象,布什和萨凡纳.

三. 饮食:

大象消化系统有效率只有40%左右,消化吃什么. 吃了不少. 估计在100-1000英镑不等野生植被,每天(16小时内的). 据估计,动物园大象吃每吨5000磅的食物,每天象. 大象的工作需要300至600斤粮食,每天. 吃饭是一种毁灭性的野生大象,象是拔和散射食,常树全破. 大象都吃嘛绿色,但绿草芽、花朵树木和灌木的选择. 农场经常遭到袭击的各类瓜果蔬菜. 平均每日用水量为丰满动物是介乎30至50加仑.

四. 生命周期/社会结构:

大象一般生活在一个复杂的母系社会相关成员组成的8人增加到15人,并率领牛主导. 三、四代牛、小牛一起度过一生除了男性,他在离开组发育. 有关家庭相当部分留在近距离与对方沟通,往往. 这些被称为 “ 亲戚 ” . 在危难时,亲戚将形成大规模 “ 部族 ” 200以上. 在研究中显示,肯尼亚安博塞利研究室支配结构复杂程度而定公牛交配成功以及每天的生活. 另一个主要因素是交配 “ musth ” ,定期体内循环出现两种品种. 表现在男性身体包括重型腺体分泌物从时间、高血睾丸水平、尿dribbling(标识)和侵略. 牛似乎宁愿musth牛,但是否能成功繁殖牛是musth与否. 根据我国奶牛饲养 ’ oestrus周期约15-16周人选,最后3天. 大约22个月的酝酿. 通常一个人出生; 双胞胎出生的时间只有1.35%. 出生体重是175至250斤. 常常帮助母亲在分娩的另一个牛. 小牛和护士都站了颤(与口,而不是主干)出生后数小时. 乳房腺体位于前线腿之间. 小牛会变成护士和第三年,非常依赖母亲为八至十年. 青春期发生在12至14岁之间. 最实际增长20达成,但仍增长终生. 高级智能是30至45岁. 即将死亡年龄在65到70岁时,牙齿上穿了一套.

五、适应特殊:

多数是颅骨蜂窝sinuses减少体重. 第二块是上级门齿和柴全寿命增长. 他们是用来收集和携带食物以及武器. 门牙弥补其他牙科设备; 六集连续两上两下臼齿及制作终生. 第一组有3层搪瓷、增加六到十层的一套. 鼻子是鼻子和上唇的断裂; 它含有15万成年人肌肉. 这是用来吃、喝、尘埃和水洗澡,以及沟通. 嗅觉十分复杂; 他们认为,寻找地下水地面以上闻. 远见不好. 鞭长了眼睛,从灰尘nictitating盖子保护. 听证会是尖锐的. 最近的研究确定了利用声波(音调比人类能听到)远程通信. 耳朵也用来控制体温; 大型船只通过血液流通的耳朵,是冷却的翅膀.

六. 解释性新闻:

皮肤非常敏感,日晒蚊虫咬伤; 他们在登记和丢尘尘泥和背部,帮助保护皮肤. 相对于大面积大脑有大象体重比其他人. 新的情报资料:大部分哺乳动物,包括灵长类,是与生具来的大脑重量的90%成年体重. 人脑的26%是在出生时体重成人,大象 ’ 中国成人体重是35%. 这些数据是从本能的经验用来区分行为,都是一种更高的智慧.