moneastery:请各位高手帮我介绍一下蝰蛇

[分类地位] 蛇目 蝰科

[形态特征] 全长1米,重达1.5公斤.头比较大,与颈区分明显,吻短宽圆.头背的小鳞起棱,鼻孔大,位于吻部上端.体背呈棕灰色,具有3纵行大圆斑,每一圆斑的中央为紫色或深棕色,外周为黑色,最外侧有不规则的黑褐色斑纹.腹部为灰白色,散有粗大的深棕色斑.

[生活习性] 生活在平原,丘陵或山区.主要栖息在宽阔的田野中,很少到茂密的林区去,夏季一般在丘陵地带活动,炎热时喜欢栖息在荫凉通风处.受惊时并不逃离,而是将身体盘卷成圈,并发出呼呼的出气声,身体不断彭缩,持续半小时之久.以鼠,鸟,蜥蜴为食,采用突袭方式,躯干前部先向后曲,猛然离地再向前冲并咬住猎物,咬住不放直至吞食下去.9--10月咬伤人畜较多,是我国剧毒蛇类之一.平均每条蛇咬物一次排毒量约为200毫克.属于卵胎生,7--8月份产仔,每次产仔十几条左右.

[分布] 福建,广东,广西;国外见于印度,巴基斯坦,缅甸,泰国等地.

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
全世界的蛇类有2700多种，其中毒蛇有600多种，而真正致人死命的不过10几种。能喷射毒液的蝰蛇可以将毒液喷出4米多远，在捕食时，毒液是它的武器，可以杀死猎物，蛇在吃猎物的时候不会把猎物撕成小块，而是整个吞下。蛇能吞下比它身体还大的猎物。

如果蝰蛇保持不动，就不会被老鼠发现。人们认为蝰蛇成像时，同时利用了眼睛和热感应器官。这就像在暗中作弊一样。

毒牙连着特殊的关节，直至最后一刻才弹开，就像弹簧刀一样。不用时，可以收起来，所以毒牙可以长得很长，以便注射毒液。毒液注入老鼠体内以后，老鼠的体表开始出血。

即使逃出了蛇的视线，它也会留下一条热感应轨迹，毒液会刺激它排尿，从而留下强烈的气味，热感应轨迹变凉以后，蝰蛇只需改变策略，循着气味追踪。

事实上，它的嗅觉比猎犬更灵敏。它的舌头，前端分叉，可以全方位的搜索空气，提取气味送入口中分析。每次弹出舌头都是在搜索气味，嗅出老鼠的位置。即使老鼠死了，它留下的热感应和气味轨迹仍会保持下来。

由于蝰蛇有出色的追踪技能，它可以利用毒液获取猎物。毒液的主要成分是蛋白质，合成毒液需要消耗大量的体能。所以绝对不能浪费。

在佛罗里达州的沼泽里，有种蛇可以有效地保存毒液。象森林响尾蛇一样，水蝮蛇也属于蝰蛇科蝮蛇亚科，拥有热成像功能。它也是蝰蛇世界里的游泳健将。

在美国境内，生活着大量的蝰蛇。在水腹蛇沼泽的西面，是响尾蛇的王国。

响尾蛇是地域性动物，每年都会返回同一洞穴。它们能生存许多年，所以同一个蛇王朝的几代蛇都可以在这个洞穴里生活。

蛇和沙漠，几千年来都没有发生多大的变化。直到近期，当人类来临以后情况有所改变。现在，争斗变得难以避免。

这是位于亚利桑那州的图森地区。这里是响尾蛇的聚居区。这里的人口越来越多，但这并不表明蛇已经迁移走了。每年图森的消防部门都能接到五千个电话，惊恐万状的居民们发现，突然之间他们和一条致命的蝰蛇生活在了一起。

人们十分害怕蛇，他们会用铁铲的一部分压住蛇，蛇可能会受伤。越来越多的土地被开发出来，同时也不能在一个地域里安置太多的蛇，应该使他们均匀分布，因为蛇是地域性动物，这样也可以避免过分拥挤。

蝰蛇一般指属蝰蛇科的200多种毒蛇，共分两个亚科。它们的特点是上颚的活动骨上有一对喷射毒液的长毒蓰，不用的时候可以收拢起来藏入嘴中。响尾蛇除了这个特征以外，还有一个特征，就是在鼻孔和两个眼睛之间各有一个小颊窝。里面有热传感器，能够帮助响尾蛇捕捉温血动物。

蝰蛇最小的体长不到30厘米，最长的超过3米。它们主要食小的动物。

旧大陆的蝰蛇分布在亚洲、非洲和欧洲。它们的样子粗壮、头宽、行动缓慢。许多种是陆栖性蛇类。树栖性蝰比较细长一些，尾巴善于盘抓。

The adder is the only poisonous snake native to Britain. Adders have the most highly developed poison injecting mechanism of all snakes, but they are not aggressive animals. Adders will only use their poison as a last means of defence, usually if caught or trodden on. No one has died from adder bite in Britain for over 20 years. With proper treatment, the worst effects are nausea and drowsiness, followed by severe swelling and bruising in the area of the bite. Most people who are bitten were handling the snake. Treat adders with respect and leave them alone.
Name
Adder (Vipera berus)

Lifestyle
Habitat
Adders are relatively common in areas of rough, open countryside and are often associated with woodland edge habitats. They are less inclined to disappear into the surrounding undergrowth when disturbed and so are probably the most frequently seen of the three British snakes. The best time to see them is in early spring when they emerge from their hibernation dens. By mid April, the males have shed their dull winter skin and are ready to mate. There is a lot of frenzied activity on warm days, with males looking for females and occasionally wrestling with other males for supremacy. The 'dance of the adders' was thought to be a mating display, but it is a larger male attempting to drive off a smaller one. The snakes writhe around each other in an impressive way, often covering the ground at great speed.

Breeding
Following mating, females seek out a suitable place to give birth, often travelling over 1 kilometre from the hibernation site. Births take place in late August / early September. Unlike most reptiles, adders do not lay eggs. Young snakes are born about the size and shape of an earthworm, but a perfect miniature of the adult snake.

Development
During the autumn, adult snakes follow scent trails left by other adders to find their way back to the hibernation site, which is often used by many snakes over several years. The young adders tend to hibernate in the area where they were born. Their survival largely depends on the severity of the weather in the following winter.

Diet
Adders usually eat small rodents, such as the short-tailed vole. They will also eat lizards, frogs and newts, and have been seen taking young from the nests of ground nesting birds. When hunting, adders strike swiftly at the prey, injecting a lethal dose of poison. They then wait until the prey dies before starting the often lengthy swallowing process. Like all snakes, adders eat their prey whole, their teeth are designed to grip the prey as it is swallowed. Their jaws are linked by extensible connective tissue so each of the four main bones can move independently. This means they are able to swallow items much larger than the width of their head. The lower ends of the ribs are not joined as in most animals and can also open out considerably. The adder's digestive fluid is amazingly powerful and will digest the flesh and bones of their prey almost completely. Only the hair and teeth of rodents pass through intact.

Threats
Young adders are threatened by a variety of predators, including birds of prey such as the common buzzard and sometimes adult snakes. Others may be killed and eaten by rodents while in hibernation. Adders are protected by law against being killed or injured through human activity.

Identification
Most adders are distinctively marked with a dark zigzag running down the length of the spine and an inverted 'V' shape on the neck. Males are generally white or pale grey with a black zigzag. Females are a pale brown colour, with a darker brown zigzag. But some adders are entirely black and can be mistaken for some other species.

How we manage our woods
Most of the woods managed by the Forestry Commission are suitable for adders. The way we manage the woods - cutting down older trees and planting young trees - provides excellent habitat. For the first 10 years as the young trees grow, adders can build up large populations unseen. Then as the tree canopy closes overhead, the snakes seek out the light and warmth that is available at the woodland edge.
The adder or Northern viper (Vipera berus) has been recorded at five sites in Cheshire since 1995. It is considered to be of rare occurrence in the county although this may be due, in part, to a limited survey. Adders were recorded in the Cheshire region in the 1950s, although there seem to be only two records documented, neither of which make up any part of the post 1995 picture. Local unofficial sightings are commonplace but given that most turn out to be grass snakes (Natrix natrix), it is essential that these are looked into and the correct identification carried out. A Presence/Absence survey is required and results documented. Numbers and frequency can then be investigated in the future based on such results.

The most important records from Risley Moss LNR and National Trust properties on the Mid-Cheshire Ridge suggest that populations have survived in these areas for some time, and are relatively stable.

The adder is found in a variety and may crop up virtually anywhere, but dry grassland, scrub, heathland, moorland and open woodland are favourite. The vegetation cover and elevated nature of railway embankments may make this habitat the most important in terms of the widespread distribution of this species locally. Prey animals include viviparous lizard (Lacerta vivipara), slow worm (Anguis fragilis), various small mammals and the chicks of ground nesting birds. Therefore it is reasonable to expect two or more of the above at localities favoured by this species.

Adders are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 Schedule 5, Section 9, against intentional killing or injury. Trade in adders is also prohibited.

THREATS
Disturbance and possible persecution by man.
Loss of food animals further down the food chain.
Loss of habitat due to human impact on recreational areas.
Loss of habitat due to constructional development, agriculture and pollution.
CURRENT ACTION
Cheshire and Wirral Amphibian and Reptile Group along with Cheshire Wildlife Trust, conduct recorder training events to encourage awareness of reptiles in the county, training on survey, identification and recording method for the more secretive species.
The Risley Moss staff are aware of the group's activities, as are the National Trust staff responsible for the management of sites containing adders. Some survey work has been carried out and more work of this nature is planned.
The Local Records centre, rECOrd, is producing a Provisional Atlas of Amphibian and Reptile sightings. Please send all sightings to rECOrd.
http://www.adder.net.pl/

全世界的蛇类有2700多种，其中毒蛇有600多种，而真正致人死命的不过10几种。能喷射毒液的蝰蛇可以将毒液喷出4米多远，在捕食时，毒液是它的武器，可以杀死猎物，蛇在吃猎物的时候不会把猎物撕成小块，而是整个吞下。蛇能吞下比它身体还大的猎物。

如果蝰蛇保持不动，就不会被老鼠发现。人们认为蝰蛇成像时，同时利用了眼睛和热感应器官。这就像在暗中作弊一样。

毒牙连着特殊的关节，直至最后一刻才弹开，就像弹簧刀一样。不用时，可以收起来，所以毒牙可以长得很长，以便注射毒液。毒液注入老鼠体内以后，老鼠的体表开始出血。

即使逃出了蛇的视线，它也会留下一条热感应轨迹，毒液会刺激它排尿，从而留下强烈的气味，热感应轨迹变凉以后，蝰蛇只需改变策略，循着气味追踪。

事实上，它的嗅觉比猎犬更灵敏。它的舌头，前端分叉，可以全方位的搜索空气，提取气味送入口中分析。每次弹出舌头都是在搜索气味，嗅出老鼠的位置。即使老鼠死了，它留下的热感应和气味轨迹仍会保持下来。

由于蝰蛇有出色的追踪技能，它可以利用毒液获取猎物。毒液的主要成分是蛋白质，合成毒液需要消耗大量的体能。所以绝对不能浪费。

在佛罗里达州的沼泽里，有种蛇可以有效地保存毒液。象森林响尾蛇一样，水蝮蛇也属于蝰蛇科蝮蛇亚科，拥有热成像功能。它也是蝰蛇世界里的游泳健将。

在美国境内，生活着大量的蝰蛇。在水腹蛇沼泽的西面，是响尾蛇的王国。

响尾蛇是地域性动物，每年都会返回同一洞穴。它们能生存许多年，所以同一个蛇王朝的几代蛇都可以在这个洞穴里生活。

蛇和沙漠，几千年来都没有发生多大的变化。直到近期，当人类来临以后情况有所改变。现在，争斗变得难以避免。

这是位于亚利桑那州的图森地区。这里是响尾蛇的聚居区。这里的人口越来越多，但这并不表明蛇已经迁移走了。每年图森的消防部门都能接到五千个电话，惊恐万状的居民们发现，突然之间他们和一条致命的蝰蛇生活在了一起。

人们十分害怕蛇，他们会用铁铲的一部分压住蛇，蛇可能会受伤。越来越多的土地被开发出来，同时也不能在一个地域里安置太多的蛇，应该使他们均匀分布，因为蛇是地域性动物，这样也可以避免过分拥挤。

蝰蛇一般指属蝰蛇科的200多种毒蛇,共分两个亚科。它们的特点是上颚的活动骨上有一对喷射毒液的长毒蓰,不用的时候可以收拢起来藏入嘴中。

[学名] Vipera ruselli siamensis
[分类地位] 蛇目 蝰科

[形态特征] 全长1米,重达1.5公斤.头比较大,与颈区分明显,吻短宽圆.头背的小鳞起棱,鼻孔大,位于吻部上端.体背呈棕灰色,具有3纵行大圆斑,每一圆斑的中央为紫色或深棕色,外周为黑色,最外侧有不规则的黑褐色斑纹.腹部为灰白色,散有粗大的深棕色斑.

[生活习性] 生活在平原,丘陵或山区.主要栖息在宽阔的田野中,很少到茂密的林区去,夏季一般在丘陵地带活动,炎热时喜欢栖息在荫凉通风处.受惊时并不逃离,而是将身体盘卷成圈,并发出呼呼的出气声,身体不断彭缩,持续半小时之久.以鼠,鸟,蜥蜴为食,采用突袭方式,躯干前部先向后曲,猛然离地再向前冲并咬住猎物,咬住不放直至吞食下去.9--10月咬伤人畜较多,是我国剧毒蛇类之一.平均每条蛇咬物一次排毒量约为200毫克.属于卵胎生,7--8月份产仔,每次产仔十几条左右.

[分布] 福建,广东,广西;国外见于印度,巴基斯坦,缅甸,泰国等地

蛇经过长期的进化已经适应了各种环境，无论是在干旱的沙漠地区，还是在寒冷的极地，都有它们的存在。

蛇的体表有很厚的角质层，来保持它体内的水分不散失，在蛇的一生中，它一直在不断地生长，而它的角质层不能生长，于是蛇要蜕皮。蛇在蜕皮时是它一生中最危险的时候，因为在它蜕皮时，它就变成了一个瞎子。