印刷厂实验室管理制度:蒸汽时代的科学发明

蒸汽机及蒸汽火车、蒸汽船、蒸汽织布机

1701 Jethro Tull invents the seed drill.

1709 Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano.

1711 Englishmen, John Shore invents the tuning fork.

1712 Thomas Newcomen patents the atmospheric steam engine.

1717 Edmond Halley invents the diving bell.

1722 French C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher.

1724 Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer.

1733 John Kay invents the flying shuttle.

1745 E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor.

1752 Benjamin Franklin invents the lightening rod.

1755 Samuel Johnson publishes the first English language dictionary on April 15th after nine years of writing. In the preface Samuel Johnson wrote, "I am not so lost in lexicography as to forget that words are the daughters of earth, and that things are the sons of heaven."

1757 John Campbell invents the sextant.

1758 Dolland invents a chromatic lens.

1761 Englishmen, John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude.

1764 James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.

1767 Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water.

1768 Richard Arkwright patents the spinning frame.

1769 James Watt invents an improved steam engine.

1774 Georges Louis Lesage patents the electric telegraph.

1775 Alexander Cummings invents the flush toilet.
Jacques Perrier invents a steamship.

1776 David Bushnell invents a submarine.

1779 Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule.

1780 Benjamin Franklin invents bi-focal eyeglasses.
Gervinus invents the circular saw.

1783 Louis Sebastien demonstrates the first parachute.
Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock.
Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier invent the hot-air balloon.
Englishmen, Henry Cort invents the steel roller for steel production.

1784 Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine.
Joseph Bramah invents the safety lock.

1785 Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom.
Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching.
Charles Augustus Coulomb invents the torsion balance.
Blanchard invents a working parachute.

1786 John Fitch invents a steamboat.

1789 The guillotine is invented.

1790 The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton.

1791 John Barber invents the gas turbine.
Early bicycles invented in Scotland.

1792 William Murdoch invents gas lighting.
The first ambulance.

1794 Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin.
Welshmen, Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings.

1795 Francois Appert invents the preserving jar for food.

1796 Edward Jenner creates a smallpox vaccination.

1797 Wittemore patents a carding machine.
A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe.

1798 The first soft drink invented.
Aloys Senefelder invents lithography.

1799 Alessandro Volta invents the battery.
Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making.
1800 Frenchmen, J.M. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom.
Count Alessandro Volta invents the battery

1804 Freidrich Winzer (Winsor) was the first person to patent gas lighting.
Richard Trevithick, an English mining engineer, developed the first steam-powered locomotive. Unfortunately, the machine was too heavy and broke the very rails it was traveling on.

1809 Humphry Davy invents the first electric light - the first arc lamp.

1810 German, Frederick Koenig invents an improved printing press.
Peter Durand invents the tin can.

1814 George Stephenson designs the first steam locomotive.
The first plastic surgery is performed in England.
German, Joseph von Fraunhofer invents the spectrocope for the chemical analysis of glowing objects.
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take a photograph. He took the picture by setting up a machine called the camera obscura in the window of his home in France. It took eight hours for the camera to take the picture.

1815 Humphry Davy invents the miner's lamp.

1819 Samuel Fahnestock patents a "soda fountain".
René Laënnec invents the stethoscope.

1823 Mackintosh (raincoat) invented by Charles Mackintosh of Scotland.

1824 Professor Michael Faraday invents the first toy balloon.
Englishmen, Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement, the modern building material.

1825 William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet.

1827 John Walker invents the modern matches.
Charles Wheatstone invents the microphone.

1829 American, W.A. Burt invents a typewriter.
Frenchmen, Louis Braille invents braille printing.
William Austin Burt patents a typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter.

1830 Frenchmen, B. Thimonnier invents a sewing machine.

1831 American, Cyrus H. McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper.
Michael Faraday invents a electric dynamo.

1832 Englishmen, Louis Braille invents the stereoscope.

1834 Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent.
Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator (really an ether ice machine).

1835 Englishmen, Henry F. Talbot invents Calotype photography.
Solymon Merrick patents the wrench.
Englishmen, Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller.
Charles Babbage invents a mechanical calculator.

1836 Francis Pettit Smith and John Ericcson co-invent the propellor.
Samuel Colt invented the first revolver.

1837 Samuel Morse invents the telegraph.
English schoolmaster, Rowland Hill invents the postage stamp.

1838 Samual Morse invents Morse Code.

I839 American, Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales.
American, Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization.
Frenchmen, Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invent Daguerreotype photography.
Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents a bicycle.
Welshmen, Sir William Robert Grove conceives of the first hydrogen fuel cell.

1840 Englishmen, John Herschel invents the blueprint.

1841 Samuel Slocum patents the stapler.

1842 Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator.

1843 Alexander Bain of Scotland, invents the facsimile.

1844 Englishmen, John Mercer invents mercerized cotton.

1845 American, Elias Howe invents a sewing machine.
Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tire.

1846 Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction.

1847 Hungarian, Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics.

1848 Waldo Hanchett patents the dental chair.

1849 Walter Hunt invents the safety pin.

1850 Joel Houghton was granted the first dishwasher patent in 1850. The machine was made of wood and required you to hand-turn a wheel that caused water to splash on the dishes. Houghton's machine barely worked. The first practical dishwasher was invented by a woman named Josephine Cochran in 1886. Dishwashers, however, did not begin appearing in homes until the 1950s.

1851 Isaac Singer invents a sewing machine.

1852 Jean Bernard Léon Foucault invents a gyroscope.
Henri Giffard builds an airship powered by the first aircraft engine - unsuccessful design.

1853 George Cayley invents a manned glider.

1854 John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics.

1855 Isaac Singer patents the sewing machine motor.
Georges Audemars invents rayon.

1856 Louis Pasteur invents pasteurisation.

1857 George Pullman invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel.

1858 Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine.
Jean Lenoir invents an internal combustion engine.

1861 Elisha Otis patents elevator safety brakes, creating a safer elevator.
Pierre Michaux invents a bicycle.
Linus Yale invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock.

1862 Dr. Richard Gatling patents the machine gun.
Alexander Parkes invents the first man-made plastic.

1866 Alfred Nobel invents dynamite.
J. Osterhoudt patents the tin can with a key opener.
Englishmen Robert Whitehead invents a torpedo.

1867 Christopher Scholes invents the first practical and modern typewriter.

1868 George Westinghouse invents air brakes.
Robert Mushet invents tungsten steel.
J P Knight invents traffic lights.

1872 J.S. Risdon patents the metal windmill.
A.M. Ward issues the first mail-order catalog.

1873 Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire.

1874 American, C. Goodyear, Jr. invents the shoe welt stitcher.

1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.
Nicolaus August Otto invents the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine.
Melville Bissell patents the carpet sweeper.

1877 Thomas Edison invents the cylinder phonograph or tin foil phonograph.
Eadweard Muybridge invents the first moving pictures.

1878 Sir Joseph Wilson Swan was the first person to invent a practical and longer-lasting electic lightbulb.

1880 The British Perforated Paper Company invents a form of toilet paper.
Englishmen, John Milne invents the modern seismograph.

1881 Alexander Graham Bell invents the first crude metal detector.
David Houston patents the roll film for cameras.
Edward Leveaux patents the automatic player piano.

1884 George Eastman patents paper-strip photographic film.
Frenchmen, H. de Chardonnet invents rayon.
Lewis Edson Waterman invents the first practical fountain pen.
James Ritty invents the first working, mechanical cash register.
Charles Parson patents the steam turbine.

1885 Harim Maxim invents the machine gun.
Karl Benz invents the first practical automobile to be powered by an internal-combustion engine.
Gottlieb Daimler invents the first gas-engined motorcycle.

1886 Josephine Cochrane invents the dishwasher.
Gottlieb Daimler builds the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle.
John Pemberton invents Coca Cola.

1887 German, Heinrich Hertz invents radar.
Rowell Hodge patents barbed wire.
Emile Berliner invents the gramophone.
F.E. Muller and Adolph Fick invent the first wearable contact lenses.

1888 Marvin Stone patents the spiral winding process to manufacture the first paper drinking straws.
John Boyd Dunlop patents a commercially successful pneumatic tire.
Nikola Tesla invents the AC motor and transformer.

1889 Joshua Pusey invents the matchbook.
Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel co-invent Cordite - a type of smokeless gunpowder.

1891 Jesse W. Reno invents the escalator.

1892 Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel-fueled internal combustion engine.
Sir James Dewar invents the Dewar flask or vacuum flask.

1893 American, W.L. Judson invents the zipper.
Edward Goodrich Acheson invents carborundum.

1895 Lumiere Brothers invent a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and projector called the Cinematographe.
Lumiere Brothers using their Cinematographe are the first to present a projected motion picture to an audience of more that one person.

1896 American, H. O'Sullivan invents the rubber heel.

1898 Edwin Prescott patents the roller coaster.
Rudolf Diesel receives patent #608,845 for an "internal combustion engine" the Diesel engine.

1899 I.R. Johnson patents the bicycle frame.
J.S. Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner.

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