南京浦口区工商局电话:急需玛雅人在美国的资料!

玛雅人一共有六百万主要住在墨西哥湾，洪都拉斯，瓜蒂玛来！1980开始向美国移民主要集中在弯区（Bay Area) 大约有5000人。 主要在Misson 附近作餐厅生意。底下是玛雅人在美国的资料！
http://news.pacificnews.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=520

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/04/28/CM62329.DTL

http://gurukul.ucc.american.edu/ted/ice/peten.htm

Maya Migration North: Transnational Indigenous Identities

By Debra Rodman Ruiz

March 1, 2004 | Cultural Survival Voices | Volume 3.1

Over 1 million people were displaced during Guatemala's 36-year civil war, resulting in mass migration to the United States and Canada. Continued economic and political instability in Guatemala as well as the formation of migrant communities in the United States has sustained a steady northern flow of migrants. In fact, one out of every 10 Guatemalan citizens currently lives in the United States. There are especially large and cohesive Guatemalan Maya groups residing in various communities in Florida, Texas, Rhode Island, and California, and dispersed throughout the 50 states and Canada.

Guatemalans, especially the Maya, have struggled with U.S. immigration laws that do not recognize their refugee status. Many are still awaiting due process. While some Maya never sought asylum in the United States and remain undocumented, those with access to the political asylum application process find it difficult to prove their cases in courts. Some asylum applicants who arrived before 1990 have been able to receive U.S. residency without proving that returning to Guatemala would cause "extreme hardship," which is difficult to substantiate. Meanwhile applicants are able to legally work on temporary permits that are renewed each year while they await asylum interviews. Migrants often welcome these delays, hoping for changes in their favor in immigration laws, since the fervor following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks has brought a rise in Guatemalan deportations.

In spite of these obstacles, Maya communities in the United States have flourished and provide a new arena for social awareness, support, and cultural continuity on both sides of the border. Hometown associations organize to celebrate their natal communities' saints' festivals in Guatemala as well as the United States, offer legal assistance to newcomers, and try to maintain Maya traditions. More often, these organizations are providing local community development in their hometowns in Guatemala, by sending ambulances and constructing potable water systems, community centers, health clinics, and churches. In Guatemala, indigenous clothing has also seen revitalization from the influx of dollars. While women's indigenous dress has always been expensive, U.S. dollars have spurned growth in the industry, allowing Maya women to afford more and elaborate traditional clothing as well as designs and styles from various regions.

The presence of different Maya ethnic groups in the same U.S. communities provides venues of intercultural exchange and cultural awareness. For example, the Pokomam Maya from the Eastern Highlands have never experienced a sense of solidarity, ethnic pride, or used the word "Maya" in reference to themselves. As second-class citizens in their hometown community, they were known as indígena, natural, or the more derogatory form, indio. In Boston, Massachusetts, the Pokomam Maya live and work alongside Quiche Maya from the Western Highlands, whose sense of indigenousness is vastly different and stronger than the Pokomam. One Pokomam migrant said, "I wonder what my life would have been like if I had born in the Occidente (Western Highlands)." Though the Pokomam Maya suffered under intense military occupation since the 1960s, they did not experience the atrocities of large-scale massacres, as did the Maya of the Western Highlands. Contact with Quiche and other Western Highland Maya has exposed them to oral testimonies and literature on the Maya Movement and the civil war, a history that has long been inaccessible to them.

In other areas of the United States, Maya do not emphasize their indigenous identity as strongly as they do their Guatemalan nationality. In Atlanta, for example, where there is a large population of Mexican migrants, Maya have been incorporated into a larger Latino/Hispanic population and more often identify themselves as Guatemalan. Maya elders in Guatemalan home communities worry that migration to the United States has made the Maya forget who they are. "The Spanish, the conquest, the war, they all tried to destroy us, but its this [U.S.] migration that's killing our culture," said one elder. Though some argue that the Maya are losing their culture by adopting non-indigenous ways, others point out that the Maya are adaptive and resilient and have centuries of experience reworking Maya identities in light of dominating and intrusive cultures.

Although the Maya in the United States struggle to overcome legal and political obstacles to maintaining community, international migration creates opportunities for economic and cultural gains. The Maya have taken advantage of the positive aspects of the migrant experience to advance their home and host communities, but restrictive immigration policies that continue to prevent the Maya from legalizing their status threaten community development both in the United States and Guatemala.