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来源:百度文库 编辑:神马品牌网 时间:2024/04/29 05:12:18
我所要谈的是关于跨国公司的跨文化管理问题。
随着世界经济一体化的进程,跨国公司的跨文化管理问题成为了国际化经营管理中的重要课题。
首先,文化因素影响跨国经营战略
1、文化影响市场选择。对一个国家文化的理解,将影响跨国经营战略中对市场领域的选择。国际上一些著名学者对这一问题有以下认识:市场营销专家认为,国与国之间的创新倾向主要取决于国与国之间的文化传统和新产品进入市场的时间。 创新波及理论认为,新思想的传播或交流,在文化背景相同的群体内部较容易,否则很困难。 社会学家认为,世界文化分为“高背景”和“低背景”两大类文化类型。在高背景文化中,内部同文同种,约定俗成相同,因此信息容易传播。而在低背景文化中,社会内部差异大,存在许多“亚文化”相互独立。 这样信息既不易传播,也不易被接受,在商业上表现为新产品的创新过程中模仿者较少。例如,研究表明,日本、韩国、中国台湾三个高背景文化市场的“模仿倾向系数”都大于美国。他们新产品引进比较晚,但普及速度都比美国快。
2、文化影响提供的产品和服务。在决定向国外市场提供什么样的产品和服务时,必须考虑文化差异。例如,中国冰清玉洁、高贵典雅的荷花图案,在日本却表示祭典之意。“美国加州牛肉面”只在洛杉矶有一家分店,而在中国却有77个分店,对中国大众极具吸引力。美国“CoCa CoLa”的国际营销战略的胜利,取决于其广告制作适合于各国国情,如今“可口可乐”已深植于中国人民心中。
3、根据文化差异选择进入新市场的方法。在进入一个新市场时,必须充分考虑国际间的文化差异,从而决定进入市场的方法,这是决定方案取舍的关键因素。
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the cultural impact of market choice. Of a national cultural understanding, the strategy will influence transnational operations of the market area choice. Some internationally renowned scholars on the issue the following understanding : marketing experts believe that between the tendency to depend largely on innovation between cultural traditions and new products entering the market time. Innovation affects theories believe that the dissemination or exchange of ideas, in the same cultural background internal groups easier, otherwise very difficult. Sociologists believe that the world is divided into a culture of "high context" and "low context" culture of the two major categories of types. In the high-cultural background, identical with the types of internal and common identical, and therefore easy to disseminate information. In the low cultural background, social differences within the large presence of many "Asian culture" mutually independent. Such information is not easily spread, nor acceptable in the business performance of the innovation process for new products imitators less. For example, research has shown that Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan three high background cultural market "replication tendency coefficient" is larger than the United States. They introduce new products rather late, but speed than American Express. 2, the cultural impact of the provision of products and services. In deciding what to foreign markets for products and services, we must consider cultural differences. For example, China pure, noble symbol of the lotus designs in Japan has expressed ceremonies of Italy. "California Beef Noodles" There is a branch in Los Angeles only, and there are 77 outlets in China, the Chinese public very attractive. U.S. "CoCa CoLa" international marketing strategies victory suitable for the production of advertising depends on its national conditions, but now the "Coca Cola" has deeply rooted in the hearts of the Chinese people. 3, based on the choice of cultural differences into new markets. In entering a new market, we must give full consideration to international cultural differences which determine market access methods, and this is one of the key factors in determining the programme.