薛仁贵无名十三第几集:帮忙翻译一下

Instead of looking for clear-cut intellectual origins of the innovation system concept, its main background should rather be found in the needs of policy makers and students of innovation. The activities of national governments and international organizations like the OECD had during the 1960s and 1970s led to an immense interest in reasons why national growth rates differ and one of the explanations was differences in the research systems of different countries. For researchers who tried to combine general economics with innovation studies such explanations seemed just to scratch the surface of the issue.
It seemed obvious that most of the new knowledge needed for innovation did not come directly from universities and technical research and in many industries not even from research and experimental development but rather from other sources like production engineers, customers, marketing, etc. The problem was to integrate these broader contributions into a concept of the innovation process. The emphasis on this problem meant that the idea of a national system of innovation was immanent in the work of the IKE group in Aalborg already in the first half of the 1980s. A standard phrase found in several publications from this period was ‘the innovative capability of the national system of production’. The ‘innovation system’ concept was introduced in Lundvall (1985) but then still without the adjective ‘national’ added to it.
But the concept was immanent also in the international comparisons between national styles of management of innovation pursued at SPRU and it was Chris Freeman who brought the concept into the literature in 1987 in his book on innovation in Japan (Freeman, 1987). And it was certainly immanent in the work of Dick Nelson and other US-scholars engaged in comparing the US system of science and technology with other national systems. When Freeman, Nelson and Lundvall got together in the big project on technical change and economic theory (Dosi et al., 1988) it ended up with a book where there was a four chapter-section on ‘national systems of innovation’.