闪灵 宝伟 怎么了:帮忙翻译一下

When using an artifact like a computer it is not necessary to know how and by whom it was invented, developed and introduced in the market. Neither is it always necessary in socio-economic research to know how specific analytical tools were shaped. But from time to time it may be useful to reflect on how a concept such as ‘national innovation systems’ came about and to see in what direction it tends to be developed. This is especially the case when the concept cannot be applied smoothly and when attempts are made to develop it further. But even when the purpose is just to apply the concept of national innovation systems in a routine-like manner, some degree of understanding of its background and development may be quite useful. The reason is not least that the concept of national systems of innovation—as its name clearly indicates—combines ideas taken from rather distinct areas of analysis: economic policy, economic interdependence, and more or less radical economic change. The new combination of such elements into the national system of innovation concept is, of course, much more shaky than the integration of the elements of a technological innovation like the modern computer. This fact has to be recognized by users of the concept of national systems of innovation.