骄傲的少年全部谱子:急!急!急! 英语

来源:百度文库 编辑:神马品牌网 时间:2024/04/20 18:08:53
句子的构成,什么叫做主语,谓语,宾语,状语,定语,补语?

主语
主语是谓语叙述的对象,主要由名词或起名词作用的词、短语或从句来充当,其中包括:代词、名词化的形容词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和名词性从句,如:
The bread smells sour. She is my student. Six will be enough. Seeing is believing. To complete that building in one year was a great achievement. What I told you was important.
宾语
宾语表示动作所涉及的对象。它通常是一个名词词组或者相当于名词词组的结构。宾语可分为直接宾语、间接宾语、同源宾语等。宾语通常位于主语和动词之后,但有时也有例外。
1.直接宾语与间接宾语两者表示的都是动作的承受者或结果。直接宾语表示动词作用的对象,通常指的是物;
间接宾语表示动作所指向的人,一般位于直接宾语之前,如果间接宾语位于直接宾语之后,则由介词to, for等引出,成为介词间接宾语。如:
They amuse me. (直接宾语)
They can please themselves. (直接宾语)
I give them (间接宾语) some candies (直接宾语)。
They give some books (直接宾语) to me (间接宾语)。
2.同源宾语同源宾语在结构上与某些及物动词有关联,以名词形式重复动词的全部或部分意义,是一种特殊的直接宾语。
He will sing a song for us .同源宾语只是一种习惯用法,并非任何动词都可以接同源宾语。另外,有的同源宾语只是重复动词的意义,从词源角度来看两个词并不同源。如:
She only slept a wink last night. 3.形式宾语通常用it填补一个较长宾语,这个it就是所谓的形式宾语。如:
I think it a pity to waste the food.有些动词不能直接跟that分句,就得用it作形式宾语。如:
I take it that you can overcome the difficulty yourself.
补语
补语是一种用以补足句子中限定动词短语的成分。名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式和名词性从句等都可在句中担任补语。
1.主语补语主语补语用来补充主语的意义,描述主语的特征,位于连系动词之后,说明主语的身份、性质和特征。
主语补语通常由形容词词组、名词词组、介词词组、副词词组或非限定动词词组担任,在复合句中可由名词性分句担任。
The children are at the zoo. (介词词组作补语)
It turns out a success. (名词词组作补语)
The living room is upstairs. (副词词组作补语)
To see is to believe. (不定式结构作补语)
主语补语通常位于系动词之后,但有时可以位于句首,如:
Clever as the boy was, he passed the exam.
2.宾语补语宾语补语用来表示宾语的身份、性质、特征和动作,与宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,如:
We chose him our monitor. I regard the work as easy. I found her an apartment. We invited him to speak at the meeting.主动语态中的宾语补语在句子变成被动语态后即成为主语补语,如:
He was invited to speak at the meeting. The problem is considered as of no importance.
状语
状语是指修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子成分。副词(短语)、介词短语、名词(短语)、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)和从句都可作状语。
多数状语在省略后并不影响句意的完整性,称之为任意性状语,如:
They are dancing (hand in hand)。
I heard the singing (in the distance)。
但有些状语在句子中是必不可少的,称之为必具性状语,如:
She lived in Australia. Our products sell very well.
二、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语:
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)
Tom is a handsome boy. There is a good boy.
数词作定语相当于形容词:
The two boys are students. There are two boys in the room.
代词或名词所有格作定语:
His boy needs Tom's pen.
His name is Tom. There are two boys of Toms there.
介词短语作定语:
The boy in blue is Tom. There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.。
名词作定语:
It is a ball pen. There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.
副词作定语:
The boy there needs a pen. The best boy here is Tom.
不定式作定语:
The boy to write this letter needs a pen The boy to write this letter is Tom.。
分词(短语)作定语:
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
定语从句:
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
名词/代词宾格 + 名词:The war made him a soldier.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词:New methods make the job easy..
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语:I often find him at work./
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式:The teacher ask the students to close the windows.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词:I saw a cat running across the road.
六、同位语:
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
七、独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构)。
感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。
肯定词yes
否定词no
称呼语:称呼人的用语。
插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe:The story,I think,has never come to the end..
情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps, maybe, acturely, certainly
八、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。
错句:Studying hard,your score will go up.
正确:(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
解析:错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既your score . 显然做study的应是人,不应是your score(分数). 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).
分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
Game (being) over,he went home. He stands there,book (being) in hand.
独立结构还可用with、without引导,作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.(注意,此句on his nose不可省略!)